Artificial Intelligence_ With an Introduction to Machine Learning_Richard E. Neapolitan, Xia Jiang.pdf

Richard E. Neapolitan Xia Jiang With an Introduction to Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence SECOND EDITION and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-50238-3 (Hardback) © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Version Date: 20180209 i i Contents Preface xi 1 Introduction to Articial Intelligence 1 1.1 History of Articial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1.1.1 What Is Articial Intelligence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1.1.2 Emergence of AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.1.3 Cognitive Science and AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.1.4 Logical Approach to AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.1.5 Knowledge-Based Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 1.1.6 Probabilistic Approach to AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 1.1.7 Evolutionary Computation and Swarm Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . .6 1.1.8 Neural Networks & Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 1.1.9 A Return to Creating HAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 1.2 Outline of This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 I Logical Intelligence 9 2 Propositional Logic 11 2.1 Basics of Propositional Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 2.1.1 Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 2.1.2 Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 2.1.3 Tautologies and Logical Implication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 2.1.4 Logical Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 2.