[建设性解剖学].(Constructive.Anatomy).(美)乔治.伯里曼.英文.清晰扫描版.pdf

Presentedtothe LIBRARYof the UNIVERSITYOFTORONTO by ARTGALLERYOFONTARIO Constructive Anatomy George B. Bridgman Instructor in Drawing andLecturer ontheConstructionandAnatomy of tlie Human Figure, ArtStudents' League, NewYork EDWARDC.BRIDGMAN, Publisher Pelham,N.Y. A CopyrightbyGeorge B. Bridgma Pdham,N.Y.,1920 "Dedicated to <J5fv THEAUTHORdesiresto acknowledge hisindebtedness toDr.ErnestK.Tuckerforhisassistanceinthe prep- arationofthe text,andtoMr.A.WilburCranefor his helpfulsuggestions. CT.B.D. Introduction The drawing's thatarepresented hereshowthe conceptions thathaveprovedsimplestandmost effectivein constructing thehuman figure. The eye in drawing- mustfollowalineora plane oramass. Inthe process ofdrawing, thismay becomea moving line,oramovingplane, oramov- ing mass.Theline,inactualconstruction,must comefirst ;butasmentalconstructionmustprecede physical, sothe concept ofmassmustcomefirst, thatof planesecond,thatoflinelast. Thinkinmasses,definetheminlines. Massesofaboutthesamesizeor proportion are conceivednotasmasses,butasonemass ;thoseof different proportions, in respect totheirmovement, areconceivedas zvcdging intoeachother,oras morticedor interlocking. Theeffective conception isthatofwedging. General Anatomy Bonesconstitutethepressuresystem ofthebody. Inthemare expressed,therefore,lawsofarchitec- ture,asinthedomeofthehead,thearchesofthe foot,the pillars ofthe legs, etc. ;andlawsofme- chanics,suchasthe hinges oftheelbows,thelevers ofthelimbs,etc. Ligaments constitute the retaining ortension system,andexpress otherlawsofmechanics. Musclesconstitutethecontractileor powersys- tem;theyproduce action by theircontractionor shortening. Incontraction they areliftedand bulged, whileintheirrelaxedstate they are flabby andsoft.Muscles,attachedtoand acting onthe bonyandligamentoussystems, constitutethemotion system. Inthemusclesare expressed,therefore, lawsofdynamicsandof power. Forinstance,for every muscle pulling inone direction,theremustbethe corresponding muscle