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Seventh Edition Frederic H. Martini, Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa Michael J. Timmons, M.S. Moraine Valley Community College Robert B. Tallitsch, Ph.D. Augustana College with William C. Ober, M.D. Art Coordinator and Illustrator Claire W. Garrison, R.N. Illustrator Kathleen Welch, M.D. Clinical Consultant Ralph T. Hutchings Biomedical Photographer HUMANANATOMY Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 by Frederic H. Martini, Inc., Michael J. Timmons, and Robert B. Tallitsch. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Mastering A&P™, Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™), and A&P Flix™ are trademarks, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its afffiliates. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Martini, Frederic. Human anatomy/Frederic H. Martini, Michael J. Timmons, Robert B. Tallitsch; with William C. Ober, art coordinator and illustrator; Claire W. Garrison, illustrator; Kathleen Welch, clinical consultant; Ralph T. Hutchings, biomedical photographer.—7th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-68815-6 (student ed.) ISBN-10: 0-32